How to reduce a HVAC system’s carbon footprint

In Europe, buildings are responsible for around 40% of total energy consumption and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for roughly half of this energy use, making them a prime target for carbon reduction.

While many existing heating systems rely on fossil fuels that are familiar and relatively affordable, the cost of upgrading often delays the transition to low-carbon alternatives. However, targeted interventions can deliver significant emissions savings without the need for a full system replacement.

The first step is improving insulation. Heat loss through roofs, walls, floors, windows and doors directly impacts system efficiency. Well-insulated buildings require lower flow temperatures, enabling heating systems to operate more efficiently and supporting low-carbon technologies.

The choice of heat source is equally important. Oil and gas boilers are the most carbon-intensive options, while heat pumps and solar thermal systems offer the lowest emissions. Where a full transition to low carbon is not yet feasible, modern condensing boilers paired with appropriate heat emitters can still provide an efficient low-temperature solution.

Selecting the most suitable heat emitters is essential for low-carbon systems. Underfloor heating is often preferred, but modern radiators perform effectively at lower temperatures. For systems operating below 45°C, fan-assisted radiators or fan convectors can enhance heat output.

Accurate sizing of heat emitters ensures comfort and efficiency. Undersized units fail to meet demand, while oversized units waste energy. Hydronic balancing further improves performance by delivering the correct water flow to each emitter, increasing system efficiency by up to 11%.

Finally, effective controls make a measurable difference. Thermostatic radiator valves, smart controls and zone temperature management all reduce unnecessary heating by matching output to actual occupancy and usage patterns.

Reducing carbon emissions from heating is a step-by-step process but one that offers lasting benefits for energy efficiency, comfort and sustainability.

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